Intuitively, it seems that the largest communities have equal opportunities. Our analysis showed that this is not the case. The EU-LEAP team assessed the financial capacity and institutional conditions of Ukraine's five largest cities — Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Dnipro, and Kharkiv — with regard to potential municipal bond issuance.

Western Ukraine has joined the large-scale process of transforming the communal property sector. The next regional practical intensive, aimed at explaining the logic and implementation mechanisms of the Euro-integration Law No. 4196-IX, took place in Ivano-Frankivsk. The training brought together 60 participants — community leaders, representatives of local self-government bodies (LSGs), and heads of municipal enterprises (MEs), who came to master new market-based manageme

An even more telling fact: almost 90% of the total issuance volume was accounted for by just three cities — Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Lviv. As part of the project "Development of the Municipal Bond Market in Ukraine: Analysis of Regulation, Practice, and Potential for Community Recovery," the EU-LEAP team has prepared a study on the practice of local loan bond issuance in Ukraine over the period 1995–2021.